“The outcome of the debates around these provisions will determine the future of hemp-derived products in the United States, and the economic viability of the industry.”

By Lauren Estevez and Joanne Caceres, Dentons US Cannabis Group

As Congress returns from recess this month, the hemp industry is closely monitoring provisions that could fundamentally reshape the entire sector.

The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp and its derivatives containing less than 0.3 percent delta-9-THC from the Controlled Substances Act. A so-called “unintended consequence” was that it became possible to produce hemp products that complied with the limit but had sufficient amounts of THC to produce an intoxicating effect.

Sales of such products, including hemp beverages and edibles, have increased significantly, encouraged by consumer demand for alternatives to alcohol. Hemp beverage sales alone are expected to more than double over the next four years, to reach $4.4 billion by 2029. All of this could change under provisions contained in pending appropriations legislation.

Sens. Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and Rand Paul (R-KY) have been dueling over various provisions that could dramatically change the hemp market, with McConnell vowing to “close the Farm Bill loophole” responsible for the intoxicating hemp market. In contrast, Paul is looking to “reach a compromise” on key provisions that would further regulate the hemp industry rather than upend it.

As current appropriations legislation makes its way through the legislative process in the House and the Senate, these are the key provisions that state regulators, consumers and the hemp industry should be watching. There is also pending federal legislation that would regulate hemp products apart from the Farm Bill.

“Total” THC Concentration Calculation Effectively Prohibits Certain Intoxicating Products

One of the provisions that appeared in House and Senate versions of agriculture appropriations legislation—before being removed from the Senate version—would add other THC molecules to the calculation for the 0.3 percent delta-9-THC limit.

The 2018 Farm Bill defined legal hemp as “the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of that plant…with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.” In contrast, the current bills account for “total tetrahydrocannabinol concentration (including tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) of 0.3 percent in the plant on a dry weight basis.”

This provision would bar certain products from the market which have low delta-9-THC but have high concentrations of other intoxicating THCs (such as THC-A, Delta-8 THC, THC-O, etc.). This would outlaw many hemp products currently on the market, especially hemp flower products and vape products with high THC-A, and cause disruption to many business owners, especially smoke shops and gas stations, where such products thrive.

If enacted, it would require manufacturers to reformulate certain products and invest in new testing procedures to ensure compliance with the narrower definition for legal products.

Excluding Synthetic Cannabinoids And Conversion Will Lower Supply and Increase Input Costs

The agriculture spending legislation also excludes synthetic cannabinoids from the definition of legal hemp products. These provisions exclude cannabinoids that are not naturally produced in the cannabis plant, and those which are naturally occurring but which are produced “outside of the plant.”

While synthetic THCs are currently illegal under the Controlled Substances Act, there is legal uncertainty around naturally occurring THCs which are created through chemical processes from the naturally extracted hemp cannabinoids (frequently, naturally occurring CBD is converted to delta-9-THC and other intoxicating cannabinoids).

A prohibition against converting CBD to THC would significantly impact the cost to make these ingredients for intoxicating hemp products. Manufacturers that currently rely on these converted cannabinoids would need to discontinue certain product lines altogether or produce them with naturally occurring cannabinoids at tighter margins.

Ban On “Quantifiable” THC Or Intoxicating Cannabinoids Would Push Intoxicating Hemp Products Back To Illicit Market And Inadvertently Harm The Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoid Wellness Market

The most controversial provision would limits the “legal limit” of THC concentration in hemp products from 0.3 percent to “no quantifiable” amount of THC, with quantifiable amount to be defined by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in consultation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

The provision would create tremendous disruption for the hemp industry, state regulators and customers. As currently drafted, the definition of “no quantifiable amount” is ambiguous as to whether it means 0 percent or some other threshold. Certificates of analysis usually denote no “detectable amount” when testing is below a certain limit.

The definition of “quantifiable” is unknown. This rule could ensnare full spectrum and CBD products, which are neither intended nor designed to be intoxicating. The change would also conflict with the many state laws that allow for 0.3 percent and or have quantifiable limits like 2.5mg, 5 mg, or 10mg of THC per serving or package for legal hemp products.

Standalone Hemp Regulation Bills Like Griffith’s Proposed Approach

While additional regulation of hemp products is sorely needed, a regulatory approach focused on health and safety will ultimately be more effective than a prohibition bill.

Draft legislation from Rep. Morgan Griffith (R-VA) circulated in late August would allow for hemp product sales to adults aged 21 and over, and would require HHS to determine THC thresholds within 60 days of passage of the bill.

The legislation would require labels to contain a QR code linking to a certificate of analysis showing which cannabinoids the product contains and in what quantities, prevent hemp producers from adding alcohol and nicotine to their products and require tamper-proof packaging that does not appeal to youth.

In the event that HHS fails to establish THC thresholds within the required timeframe, the bill would automatically implement the following limits:

• Oral hemp products with non-intoxicating cannabinoids: Up to 10mg/serving and 50mg/package.
• Inhalable products: Up to 100mg/serving and 500mg/package.
• Topical products: Up to 100mg/serving and 500mg/package.
• Intoxicating cannabinoid products (e.g. items containing THC): Up to 0.2mg/serving and 1mg/package.

The restrictions in Griffith’s bill mirror many state regulations that are already in place, and the automatic THC thresholds that would be implemented allow for a larger variety of products than the restrictions in the appropriations bills. However, the proposed limits to intoxicating cannabinoid products suggested would effectively eliminate the legal hemp intoxicating product market.

Conclusion

The pending appropriations bills and other hemp legislation could dramatically reshape the hemp industry, with proposed provisions that could significantly tighten the regulatory landscape.

If Congress redefines THC limits to include all cannabinoids, excluding converted and synthetic cannabinoids, or potentially imposes a “no quantifiable” THC threshold, lawmakers are signaling a shift toward significant product restrictions for hemp producers.

These changes would not only disrupt current business models and product lines but also create substantial compliance challenges for manufacturers and state regulators.

The ambiguity surrounding key terms like “quantifiable” further complicates the path forward, raising questions about enforcement and conflicts with existing state laws.

All hemp products, whether intoxicating or not, would be impacted by these provisions if passed as drafted. Such stark changes to the law would likely push such products to the illicit market, making them less safe.

Instead, an approach similar to states like Minnesota, which allows low intoxicating dosages of up to 10mg, or less THC for beverages, as determined at the state level, would be a more suitable alternative for Congress to consider.

Now that Congress is returning from recess, the outcome of the debates around these provisions will determine the future of hemp-derived products in the United States, and the economic viability of the industry. Ultimately, any of this federal legislation would be a critical turning point for the industry, either fostering continued growth and regulatory clarity, or introducing new hurdles that could reshape the market for years to come.

Lauren Estevez is a Senior Managing Associate in the Dentons US Cannabis Group. Joanne Caceres is a Partner in the Dentons US Cannabis Group.

New York lawmakers have scheduled a hearing to discuss the medical potential of psilocybin as the state considers pursuing a pathway for regulated access to the main psychedelic component of “magic mushrooms.”

In a notice published by the Assembly Health Committee on Wednesday, Chairwoman Amy Paulin (D) noted that, while psilocybin is currently listed as a Schedule I drug, the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated it as a “breakthrough therapy” for major depression—indicating that “the therapy may offer improved results for such conditions over currently approved treatments.”

A meeting to go over the science and potential regulations of the novel therapy is scheduled for September 30. Oral testimony is by invite only from the committee, and witnesses have not yet been announced.

“Various localities have enacted measures regarding psilocybin, including the states of Colorado, Oregon, and New Mexico which allow for its supervised use, citing its potential as a treatment for some mental health conditions,” the notice says. “However, more information is needed to better understand the medicinal value that psilocybin may have as a therapy in New York State.”

“To this end, the Committee seeks to hear from researchers, medical experts, and other stakeholders on the potential medicinal value and risks of psilocybin,” Paulin said.

The chairwoman introduced a bill to legalize psilocybin for adults last year, provided they obtain a permit after undergoing a health screening and educational course.

New York legislators have taken special interest in psychedelics reform in recent sessions.

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For example, in January, Assemblymember Linda Rosenthal (D) filed legislation calling for the legalization of certain entheogenic substances such as psilocybin and ibogaine for adults 21 and older.

The bill would amend state statute to make legal the “possession, use, cultivation, production, creation, analysis, gifting, exchange, or sharing by or between natural persons of twenty-one years of age or older of a natural plant or fungus-based hallucinogen.”

DMT, ibogaine, mescaline, psilocybin and psilocyn would fall under the definition of “natural plant or fungus-based hallucinogens” that would be legalized by the bill.

Rosenthal’s measure was introduced just days after another New York lawmaker, Sen. Nathalia Fernandez (D), prefiled a measure that would legalize psilocybin therapy for patients with qualifying conditions.

Under that proposal, people could receive psilocybin treatment from a certified facilitator in a clinical setting, or at their home if they’re unable to travel. Patients and facilitators would receive protections against state-level prosecution.

Fernandez also filed an earlier version of the bill last session, but it did not move out of committee either. Only minor technical changes have been made in the latest iteration.

Bicameral New York lawmakers said at a briefing last year that there was a “real chance” that legislation to legalize psilocybin-assisted therapy would advance through committee, emphasizing that delaying action would “neglect” many “people who need help” with certain mental health conditions. That did not ultimately materialize, however.

“We’re in a mental health crisis, and so we need every tool that’s available to us,” Assemblymember Pat Burke (D), who sponsored another bill to create a psilocybin therapy pilot program for 10,000 people, said. He added that “we’re here to turn the page” on the broader drug war.

Photo courtesy of Dick Culbert.

[PRESS RELEASE] – STAMFORD, Conn., Sept. 15, 2025 – Curaleaf Holdings Inc., a leading international provider of consumer cannabis products, announced the opening of two new dispensaries: Curaleaf Apopka, located at 1809 E. Semoran Blvd., Apopka, Fla., 32703, and Curaleaf Girard, located at 801 N State St., Girard, Ohio, 44420. With these dual openings, Curaleaf expands to 69 retail locations in Florida, five in Ohio and 157 nationwide.

Curaleaf Apopka strengthens the company’s presence in Central Florida, providing convenient access for registered medical cannabis patients across the Greater Orlando region. Curaleaf Apopka offers a wide portfolio of medical cannabis products, including Curaleaf’s Select brand vapes and edibles, Florida-exclusive Reef flower, Grassroots Dark Heart Collection flower, Anthem pre-rolls, Miss Grass pre-rolls and more. To ensure patient satisfaction, Curaleaf Florida is offering a 72-hour Flower Satisfaction Guarantee on select premium eighths from Grassroots and Reef. The store will operate from 9:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. Monday through Saturday and 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Sundays.

Meanwhile, Curaleaf Girard marks the company’s first dispensary within the city of Girard, and enhances access for both medical patients and adult-use consumers across Ohio’s Northeast region. The store features a selection including Select BRIQ all-in-one vapes, Grassroots Dark Heart Collection flower, Grassroots pre-rolls, JAMS and Select XBites edibles and Find flower. Curaleaf will be introducing Grassroots and Find pre-rolls in Singles and 5-pack Shorties, as state regulations now allow for the sale of pre-rolls. Curaleaf Girard will be open 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. Monday through Saturday and 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. on Sundays.

“Each new store opening reflects our mission to expand safe, convenient access to high-quality cannabis across the country,” Curaleaf Chairman and CEO Boris Jordan said. “With Apopka, we are deepening our roots in Florida by serving an important new region for medical patients, and with Girard, we are proudly delivering the first licensed dispensary to the city. Together, these milestones show our commitment to patients and consumers who rely on cannabis for their well-being, while reinforcing Curaleaf’s leadership in both established and emerging markets.”

Local celebrations will mark the openings:

• Curaleaf Apopka will host a grand opening on Sept. 19, 2025, from noon to 5 p.m., featuring special promotions, giveaways and an interactive “Live Lounge” livestream with Curaleaf cultivation leaders.
• Curaleaf Girard will celebrate its opening with a ribbon-cutting ceremony alongside the Girard Chamber of Commerce at a later date, featuring exclusive promotions and complimentary refreshments.

For more information on Curaleaf’s dispensaries, products and patient resources, visit www.curaleaf.com.