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Colombian Lawmakers Advance New Marijuana Legalization Bill As President Criticizes Ongoing Prohibition

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Colombian lawmakers have given initial approval to a bill that would nationally legalize marijuana—with a House committee taking the first step in an extensive legislative process to enact the reform.

The First Committee of the House of Representatives passed the legislation from Rep. Alejandro Ocampo last week, clearing it for consideration in the full chamber.

Because it would amend the country’s Constitution, the bill must go through a rigorous, two-year process. Both the House and Senate will need to pass it in two consecutive sessions, with a total of eight votes along the way.

President Gustavo Petro, for his part, is supportive of legalizing cannabis—and he’s put pressure on legislators to advance the reform. He said in late 2023 that  lawmakers who voted to shelve a legalization bill  that year  only helped to perpetuate illegal drug trafficking  and the violence associated with the unregulated trade.

After a recent raid of an illegal cannabis cultivation facility, Gustavo again criticized Congress for so far failing to implement a regulated market that could disrupt cartels profiting from marijuana sales.

“If Congress had legalized cannabis, we wouldn’t have a thug killing humble Colombians unnecessarily,” he said in a social media post on Tuesday.

Lawmakers nearly enacted an earlier version of the legalization measure in 2023, but it stalled out in the final stage in the Senate last session—making it so supporters had to restart the lengthy legislative process later that year.

Now that process has reset again, with a bill that would revise the Constitution to “recognize and guarantee the fundamental rights to the free development of personality, privacy, health, equality, and non-discrimination,” according to a translated summary.

“It is clear that a constitutional reform allowing medicinal, scientific, and adult uses of cannabis and its derivatives is not only pertinent but also necessary to address the contradictions and inconsistencies that persist in our legal system today,” a report on the bill submitted to the First Committee says. “Furthermore, Colombia must join the current global positions that have found, in the decriminalization and legalization of possession and consumption, much more effective strategies for addressing the so far unsuccessful fight against drugs.”

The bill that advanced in committee, as first reported by Infobae, would make it so adults would have a constitutional right to possess cannabis. Commercial sales would also be allowed, “provided that the licenses and/or authorizations granted by the competent authority are obtained, without prejudice to personal cultivation authorized by law,” the text of the legislation says.

It also stipulates that advertising marijuana products would be prohibited, “except for campaigns aimed at preventing consumption and those of an informative and educational nature in restricted media, aimed at audiences of legal age.” Public consumption would also remain banned.

The Ministry of Health and Social Protection would be responsible for developing rules to promote public safety and education around cannabis within six months of enactment of the law.

The proposal would also make it so individual municipalities could impose a tax on marijuana sales, notwithstanding the national sales tax, and revenue would support health and education efforts. Congress would play a role in overseeing territorial tax policies.

“The Colombian Congress has an invaluable opportunity to promote the comprehensive development of its territories and strengthen education, public health, and the country’s human rights approach,” the bill report says. “Regulating adult-use cannabis will not only open new avenues for economic progress in various regions but will also channel resources toward health and education systems, which are fundamental to social well-being.”

“This initiative represents a decisive step toward modernizing public policies, aligning Colombia with international trends that have proven effective in reducing crime and violence associated with the illegal drug market. By regulating adult-use cannabis, progress is being made in protecting fundamental rights and building a more just and safe environment for all Colombians.”

At  a public hearing in the Senate panel in 2022 , Justice Minister Néstor Osuna said that Colombia has been the victim of “a failed war that was designed 50 years ago and, due to absurd prohibitionism, has brought us a lot of blood, armed conflict, mafias and crime.”

Also, after a visit to the US in 2023, the Colombian president recalled smelling the odor of marijuana wafting through the streets of New York City, remarking on the “enormous hypocrisy” of legal cannabis sales now taking place in the nation that launched the global drug war  decades ago.

Petro also took a  lead role at the Latin American and Caribbean Conference on Drugs in 2023 , noting Colombia and Mexico “are the biggest victims of this policy,” likening the drug war to “a genocide.”

In 2022, Petro  delivered a speech at a meeting of the United Nations , urging member nations to fundamentally change their approaches to drug policy and disband with prohibition.

He’s also talked about  the prospects of legalizing marijuana in Colombia  as one means of reducing the influence of the illicit market. And he has signaled that the policy change should be followed by releasing people who are currently in prison over cannabis.

Image element courtesy of Bryan Pocius .

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Rhode Island Opens Applications for 24 Adult-Use Dispensary Licenses

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[PRESS RELEASE] – WARWICK, R.I., Sept. 12, 2025 – The Cannabis Control Commission  (CCC) opened the application period for adult-use cannabis retail licenses, marking the beginning of the largest expansion to Rhode Island’s cannabis industry. The commission is authorized under the Rhode Island Cannabis Act to license up to 24 retail establishments statewide, divided equally across six geographic zones, making this announcement a defining moment in shaping the state’s cannabis marketplace.

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“Today’s announcement represents years of work, collaboration and preparation to ensure Rhode Island has a cannabis marketplace that is safe, transparent, and equitable,” CCC Chairperson Kim Ahern said. “The release of this application and launch of our submission portal is not only about opening doors for businesses but about creating meaningful opportunities for Rhode Islanders while keeping public health and public safety at the center of everything we do.”

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With only 24 retail licenses available statewide, the launch of the application process is expected to draw significant interest from prospective applicants. Together with the Social Equity Applicant Status Certification Portal, which opened in August, the application process reflects the CCC’s deliberate steps toward building a cannabis industry that prioritizes economic opportunity, equity and fairness in Rhode Island.

“Rhode Island’s cannabis market is poised for growth, and this application is helping us do exactly that,” Gov. Dan McKee said. “As we expand the cannabis industry here in the Ocean State, we’re opening the doors to new investment, new good-paying jobs, and new opportunities for our economy.”

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Adult-use retail licenses will authorize sales of cannabis products to adults 21 and older. By releasing the application and opening the submission portal simultaneously, the commission is providing applicants with a transparent process while reinforcing its commitment to accountability and access.

“Today’s release of the adult-use retail license application reflects the commission’s commitment to equity and accountability,” Commissioner Layi Oduyingbo said. “This framework provides applicants with the information they need while reinforcing our responsibility to safeguard public health and consumer safety.”

Commissioner Robert Jacquard said, “The commission aims to make this application process as business-friendly as possible, while upholding standards that will protect public health.”

To ensure the process is fair and accessible, the commission and Cannabis Office will provide technical assistance resources and ongoing guidance for prospective applicants. Applications will be accepted until 4 p.m. on Dec. 29, 2025.

“This is a milestone that reflects the dedication and perseverance of so many people,” Cannabis Office Administrator Michelle Reddish said. “From lawmakers and advocates to community members and our dedicated staff, countless individuals have helped build the foundation for this moment. By publishing the application today, we are taking a historic step toward building a cannabis marketplace that serves consumers, supports equity and advances public health in Rhode Island.”

The adult-use retail license application is available on the commission’s website at www.ccc.ri.gov/auapp.



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Can LSD Battle Anxiety? The Answer Is Yes, According to Science

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Hands down, one of the drugs that has received the worst press in the decades marked by the War on Drugs has been LSD. All sorts of things have been said about this molecule: that it drives you crazy, or suicidal, that it remains stored in your body forever, that it irreparably damages the brain… Fortunately, we now have professionals investigating the matter, with a scientific perspective rather than a moralistic or prohibitionist one.

One of the latest findings on the subject seems to directly contradict one of the great myths about LSD: instead of leading to insanity, this compound could reduce anxiety. This is according to a study by Mind Medicine (MindMed) Inc., a biopharmaceutical company that has been researching psychedelic compounds for mental health for many years. While the preliminary results were released in 2022, they were officially published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

This isn’t the first time MindMed has embarked on studying this topic: it had already achieved positive results with LSD for anxiety on another occasion. In fact, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to the company’s proprietary drug candidate, MM120, a pharmacologically optimized formulation of LSD.

LSD and Anxiety: What the MindMed Study Says

The company conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2b study at 22 outpatient psychiatric research centers in the US. The effects of a single dose of MM120 (lysergide D-tartrate, LSD) were analyzed in 198 adults with moderate to severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Participants experienced sustained improvements in their condition over the 12-week observation period.

According to the company’s press release, this is the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating a single treatment at four dose levels (25, 50, 100, or 200 µg), without any psychotherapeutic intervention.

The optimal dose of MM120 was determined at 100 µg. This demonstrated a “clinically and statistically significant improvement vs. placebo, and a 65% clinical response rate and 48% clinical remission rate” at the end of the experiment.

Likewise, tolerance to the medication was positive, with the expected adverse effects of an LSD experience remaining mild to moderate and lasting only one day.

During the study, participants receiving medication for their condition had to discontinue such treatment under the supervision of the study professionals. Furthermore, on the day of dosing, they were offered “standardized music and eyeshades and could lie down, move freely around the room, read, write, or draw.” It should be noted that the study protocol explicitly prohibited participation in psychotherapy.

Dr. Maurizio Fava, one of the study’s authors, stated that “this study is a true turning point in the field of psychiatry… For the first time, LSD has been studied with modern scientific rigor, and the results are both clinically meaningful and potentially paradigm-shifting for the treatment of GAD. GAD affects 26 million adults in the U.S., yet no new medications have been approved since 2007—and first-line treatments fail 50% of patients.”

Thus, scientific innovation continues to advance against the willful ignorance of prohibitionists, working tirelessly to ensure patients have access to the relief that traditional therapies fail to provide.

This article was first published on El Planteo.



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Kentucky Medical Marijuana Dispensaries Should Be Stocked With Products Ready For Sale By Next Month, Top State Official Says

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Kentucky’s top medical marijuana regulator said he expects that dispensary shelves will be stocked with products ready for sale to patients by next month.

Two of the state’s 16 medical cannabis cultivators are now operational, according to Cannon Armstrong, executive director of Kentucky’s Office of Medical Cannabis (OMC).

“If everything goes according to plan for them, I think that they’ll have medical cannabis that will be ready to harvest and be put on the shelf, you know, by October,” he told Spectrum News 1. “So we’re moving and we’re finally getting to a point where we’re, these patients are going to receive this medication sooner than later.”

Armstrong predicted that the first sales will likely occur at a dispensary in Beaver Dam called The Post.

“I think you’re going to see the first products out there based upon just how it’s shaken out,” he said. “You know, someone may step up their timeline and may get out there before that or get product from there and place it somewhere else in the state.”

As of now, OMC has approved more than 19,000 patients certifications, Armstrong said.

He added that medical cannabis supplies should be relatively scarce as the market first launches, and said that as a result initial prices will be higher than they eventually will be.

Earlier this month, Gov. Andy Beshear (D) said he thought medical marijuana would be available to Kentucky patients by the end of 2025.

“The medical marijuana program is moving forward,” he said at a press briefing at the time.

“I think most of our dispensaries now have their home address [and] are set about where they’re going to be, but [for] some of the inspections that have to happen in dispensaries, they have to have product that’s there,” he said. “So I do believe they’ll be operating before the end of the year.”

Those comments came roughly a month after the governor announced that the state’s first medical cannabis dispensary has officially been approved for operations, calling it “another step forward as we work to ensure Kentuckians with serious medical conditions have access to the medicine they need and deserve.

He previously touted an earlier “milestone” in the state’s forthcoming medical marijuana program, with a licensed cultivator producing “the first medical cannabis inventory in Kentucky history.”

Beshear’s office has said that other cannabis licensees, including processors and testing labs, are expected to become operational soon.

In July, Beshear sent a letter to President Donald Trump, urging him to reject congressional spending bill provisions that would prevent the Justice Department from rescheduling marijuana.

In the letter to the president, he emphasized that a pending proposal to move cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is something “you supported in your presidential campaign.”

“That process should be allowed to play out. Americans deserve leadership that won’t move the goalposts on them in the middle of the game,” Beshear said, noting that he was among the tens of thousands who submitted public comments in favor of the reform after it was initiated under the Biden administration, “demonstrating broad public interest in rescheduling.”

“I joined that effort because this is about helping people. Rescheduling would provide suffering patients the relief they need,” the governor said. “It would ensure communities are safer—because legal medical products reduce the illicit market. It would provide new, meaningful research on health benefits.”

Beshear also mentioned a letter to DEA he signed onto last year urging rescheduling, “because the jury is no longer out on marijuana. It has medical benefits.”

Back on the state level, the governor recently said he acknowledges that “it’s taken longer than we would have liked” to stand up the industry since he signed medical marijuana legalization into law in 2023.

In recognition of that delayed implementation, he recently signed an executive order to waive renewal fees for patients who get their cards this year so that they don’t get charged again before retailers open. And another order he signed providing protections for qualified patients who obtain medical marijuana outside of Kentucky “will stay in place.”

Beshear separately announced in May that the state has launched a new online directory that lets people see where medical cannabis dispensaries will be opening near them.

He emphasized that the state has been working to deliver access to patients “at the earliest possible date,” and that involved expediting the licensing process. The governor in January also ceremonially awarded the commonwealth’s first medical marijuana cards.


Marijuana Moment is tracking hundreds of cannabis, psychedelics and drug policy bills in state legislatures and Congress this year. Patreon supporters pledging at least $25/month get access to our interactive maps, charts and hearing calendar so they don’t miss any developments.


Learn more about our marijuana bill tracker and become a supporter on Patreon to get access.

Meanwhile, the governor sent a letter to Kentucky’s congressional delegation in January, “urging them to take decisive action to protect the constitutional rights of our law abiding medical cannabis patients” by repealing the federal ban on gun possession by people who use marijuana.

That came after bipartisan Kentucky senators filed legislation that similarly called on the state’s federal representatives to take corrective action, which Beshear said he supports but would like to see even more sweeping change on the federal level.

The federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) warned Kentucky residents late last year that, if they choose to participate in the state’s medical marijuana program, they will be prohibited from buying or possessing firearms under federal law.

As far as the implementation of the state’s medical cannabis law goes, Beshear said in his State of the Commonwealth address in January that patients will have access to cannabis sometime “this year.” He also later shared tips for patients to find a doctor and get registered to participate in the cannabis program.

Health practitioners have been able to start assessing patients for recommendations since the beginning of December.

While there currently aren’t any up-and-running dispensaries available to patients, Beshear has further affirmed that an executive order he signed in 2023 will stay in effect in the interim, protecting patients who possess medical cannabis purchased at out-of-state licensed retailers.

During last year’s November election, Kentucky also saw more than 100 cities and counties approve local ordinances to allow medical cannabis businesses in their jurisdictions. The governor said the election results demonstrate that “the jury is no longer out” on the issue that is clearly supported by voters across partisan and geographical lines.

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