The country is one of the powerhouses on the continent, but is South Africa’s current stance on cannabis?

The country and their leadership is in the news, but what is South Africa’s crest stance on cannabis? The country is undergoing a significant shift in its relationship with cannabis, a plant long entwined with its cultural and economic history. Known locally as “dagga,” cannabis has been used for generations across rural communities for medicinal, recreational, and spiritual purposes. Today, evolving legislation, court rulings, and commercial interests are reshaping how the country views and engages with this controversial crop.

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In 2024, the South African Parliament passed the Cannabis for Private Purposes Bill, providing clearer guidelines on personal use, possession limits, and cultivation rules. Yet, critics argue the bill does not go far enough in addressing the commercial potential of cannabis or in rectifying the harms of prohibition, particularly among marginalized communities disproportionately affected by past enforcement.

Economically, the potential for a legal cannabis industry in South Africa is substantial. With favorable growing conditions, experienced cultivators, and high-quality strains, the country is well-positioned to become a global player in medical cannabis exports. Several licensed producers have already begun exporting cannabis products to Europe and other regions. The industry has the potential to create thousands of jobs, particularly in rural areas where unemployment is high.

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Yet, significant challenges remain. Regulatory uncertainty, bureaucratic delays, and limited access to capital have hindered the sector’s growth. Traditional growers—many of whom have operated informally for decades—often find themselves excluded from the legal market due to complex licensing requirements and high entry costs.

There is also a broader social conversation underway. Advocates are pushing for policies that support restorative justice, equitable participation in the cannabis economy, and public education about responsible use. As South Africa navigates this evolving terrain, it faces the dual challenge of crafting laws that respect constitutional rights while unlocking the economic and medicinal potential of cannabis in a way that is inclusive and sustainable.

A new infographic from an advocacy group representing Native American tribes in the legal cannabis industry shows that more than a fourth of Indigenous communities in the continental United States are now involved with marijuana or hemp programs.

The map, created by the Indigenous Cannabis Industry Association (ICIA) in collaboration with the law firm Vicente, shows the locations of more than 100 tribal marijuana and hemp programs across the country.

Overall, approximately 26 percent of the 358 federally recognized Indigenous communities in the continental U.S. are now involved in some sort of cannabis program, the groups said.

The data, they said in a press release, “shows that the Indigenous cannabis industry is trending upward in terms of jobs, community development, and overall industry growth, with many Tribes currently scaling to meet demands for global cannabis distribution.”

“Since the first regulated Indigenous cannabis storefront opened almost 10 years ago in Washington State,” the groups said, “dozens of sovereign Indigenous communities have created their own unique regulatory systems to govern cannabis cultivation, production and sales.”

Indigenous Cannabis Industry Association

The map shows both individual programs as well as clusters that “denote tribal and Indigenous-led enterprises that are already working together to create successful supply chains and distribution networks.”

“Indigenous cannabis programs are a vital piece of America’s cannabis movement,” Andrew Livingston, Vicente’s director of economics and market analysis, said in a statement. “And these businesses deserve recognition. The goal of our study is to provide information on how different Indigenous communities have established their regulated cannabis programs, the size of the economic opportunity, and the ways that regulating cannabis can be structured in the future to further the goals of each community.”

In North Carolina, for example, a single, isolated dot represents the legal marijuana market recently launched by the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, which now serves both tribal members and adult visitors alike. That’s despite marijuana still being prohibited in North Carolina itself, whether for medical or adult use.

It’s believed that in 2020, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, located in South Dakota, became the first tribe to vote to legalize marijuana within a U.S. state where the plant remained illegal.

In other states, meanwhile, including Minnesota, Oklahoma and much of the American West, the map is peppered with multiple tribal programs. Many of those states, notably Minnesota, have worked with Indigenous communities to incorporate tribal-run businesses into state-legal marijuana markets.

Minnesota’s 2023 cannabis law allowed tribes within the state to open marijuana businesses before the state itself began licensing retailers. Some tribal governments—including the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, the White Earth Nation and the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe—entered the legal market early on.

Rob Pero, ICIA’s founder, said the joint research project between his organization and Vicente “will highlight the thoughtful work that has gone into these sovereign regulatory programs as well as how these businesses affect local employment and revenue for community services.”

“Together, we hope to inform, inspire and empower other Indigenous communities considering cannabis as well as policy makers around the world,” he said.

Indigenous-Led Campaign Aims To Legalize Medical Marijuana In Wisconsin

Photo courtesy of Mike Latimer.

“We humbly ask our new friends in the alcohol and marijuana industries to join us. Reject misguided bans while embracing robust regulation.”

By Jonathan Miller, U.S. Hemp Roundtable

In recent months, leading organizations and companies in the alcohol and marijuana space have jumped into the hemp sector, offering their support for clear federal legalization and robust oversight of hemp products.

The U.S. Hemp Roundtable, the hemp industry’s national advocacy organization, welcomes them—but asks them to join us in a framework that rejects prohibition, embraces regulation, prevents access by minors and protects retail and e-commerce for all elements of the diverse hemp industry.

Since the 2018 Farm Bill federally legalized hemp, it’s been a rollercoaster ride. After a brief gold rush, the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) refusal to regulate CBD led to a crash in prices and widespread disruption. But with a hemp industry as resilient as its stalk, innovators pioneered direct-to-consumer (DTC) sales and developed a new market for adult health and wellness products–including a hemp beverage boom which now meets growing demand for non-alcoholic options.

Today, the hemp extract market has surged to $28.4 billion, creating 328,000 agriculture and retail jobs, with a $13.2 billion employment impact and $1.5 billion generated in state tax revenues. Its popularity is not surprising—hemp products are made in the USA, harvested from crops grown by American farmers, manufactured by innovative U.S. entrepreneurs and sold by small businesses dotting the nation.

Competing interests have taken note of hemp’s success. A few marijuana multi-state operators (MSOs) have led efforts at the state and federal level to ban hemp products, and/or seek monopoly control over distribution. But the majority of marijuana advocates support regulation, not prohibition. In fact, many cannabis companies have found new life via hemp. We’re excited to join an emerging new effort to bring the entire cannabis family together in a united policy-making venture.

More recently, the alcohol industry is weighing in as hemp beverages have gained space on shelves previously reserved for liquor. Leading organizations such as the Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of America and the American Beverage Licensees have called for Congress and state legislators to explicitly legalize and regulate hemp beverages, which in 2024 boasted $380 million in revenues.

But warning clouds loom. In some states, efforts to regulate beverages include bans on other types of hemp products, such as edibles or CBD tinctures fully 85 percent of the hemp product marketplace). In others, there is a rush to ban DTC sales—a lifeline to hundreds of thousands of adult consumers.

Texas has emerged as a key battleground. In response to Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick’s (R) crusade to criminalize all hemp products, HB 28 was introduced as a hemp beverage carveout. Unfortunately, that bill would ban nearly all non-beverage hemp products, criminalize DTC and dramatically reduce the number of retailers who can sell these products.

More regulation of hemp products is certainly needed. A lack of uniform quality control standards for hemp products at the federal level has forced responsible farmers and small business owners to compete against unscrupulous actors, who generate headlines by distributing poorly manufactured products that are sometimes inappropriately marketed to children.

To solve this problem, the U.S. Hemp Roundtable and dozens of hemp industry groups have united behind an appropriate response: robust regulation, not prohibition. We support an approach that ensures products are manufactured safely, marketed transparently and kept far out of the hands of children. We’ve even taken the additional step of establishing the U.S. Hemp Authority, the industry’s self-regulating organization, with rigorous standards for safety, quality and transparency.

At the federal level, we are hopeful that new leadership at FDA will reverse the past course of inaction and take deliberate steps to regulate hemp products. This approach is precisely in line with the new administration’s focus on providing adult consumers the freedom to make health care choices on behalf of their own families.

If laws must be changed, we urge Congress to act now. Sen. Ron Wyden’s (D-OR) effort in the last Congress, S. 5243, would require FDA to regulate hemp products. A parallel effort would invest more authority in the states to properly regulate their own markets.

We humbly ask our new friends in the alcohol and marijuana industries to join us. Reject misguided bans while embracing robust regulation. Preserve critical DTC channels, while ensuring aggressive steps are taken to protect against sales to minors. Treat all product forms equitably, allowing adult customers access to the products they prefer.

Hemp is a uniquely American success story. This is a plant that feeds, heals and sustains. Its cannabinoids offer wellness solutions for some of the most vulnerable members of our society. Its seeds are rich in protein and nutrients. Its fiber is transforming construction, textiles, packaging and plastic alternatives. Hemp’s contributions to health, sustainability and economic development are real and lasting.

We invite all stakeholders to work together toward common-sense, evidence-based regulation that protects consumers, prevents underage access and supports innovation.

Jonathan Miller is the general counsel of the U.S. Hemp Roundtable, the hemp industry’s national advocacy organization.

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Photo courtesy of Brendan Cleak.